You need

1 USB stick
Only for Tails!
8 GB minimum

Your Tails

1 USB stick
8 GB minimum
All data will be lost!
It is currently impossible to manually upgrade a Tails USB stick while running from itself. This scenario requires creating an intermediary Tails on another USB stick, from which to upgrade your Tails.

Windows 7
or later

macOS 10.10
Yosemite
or later

Linux
any distribution

Debian
Ubuntu
or another derivative

another Tails
USB stick or DVD

Intel processor
not Apple M1 or M2

a smartphone
or a printer
to follow the instructions

1 hour in total
½ hour
¼ hour
1.3 GB to download
½ hour to install
½ hour to upgrade
Detailed system requirements and recommended hardware.
Summary
- Tails works on most PC computers that are less than 10 years old.
- Tails works on some older Mac computers with an Intel processor.
- Tails does not work on newer Mac computers with an Apple processor (M1 or M2).
- Tails might not work on:
- Some older computers, for example, if they don't have enough RAM.
- Some newer computers, for example, if their graphics card is incompatible with Linux.
- "Gaming" graphics cards like Nvidia or AMD Radeon, which are often incompatible.
See our list of known hardware compatibility issues.
Hardware requirements
A USB stick of 8 GB minimum or a recordable DVD.
All the data on this USB stick or DVD will be lost when installing Tails.
The ability to start from a USB stick or a DVD reader.
A 64-bit x86-64 compatible processor:
- IBM PC compatible but not PowerPC nor ARM.
- Tails works on some older Mac computers with an Intel processor.
- Tails does not work on newer Mac computers with an Apple processor (M1 or M2).
- Tails does not work on 32-bit computers since Tails 3.0 (June 2017).
- Tails does not work on phone or tablets.
2 GB of RAM to work smoothly.
Tails can work with less than 2 GB RAM but might behave strangely or crash.
Recommended hardware
Laptop models evolve too rapidly for us to be able to provide an up-to-date list of recommended hardware. Below are some guidelines if you, or your organization, are considering acquiring a laptop dedicated to running Tails.
For PC
- Avoid "gaming" models with Nvidia or AMD Radeon graphics cards.
- Consider buying a refurbished laptop from a high-end (professional) series.
These are cheaper and will last longer than new but lower-quality laptops.
- For example, the Lenovo ThinkPad series work well with Tails, including the X250, X1 Carbon, T440, T480, and T490 models.
- If you live in a part of the world where buying refurbished laptops is uncommon, look on eBay and Amazon. Amazon offers a 90-day Amazon Renewed Guarantee.
- Consider buying a new laptop from vendors who guarantee the compatibility with Linux and Tails like ThinkPenguin.
For Mac
Unfortunately, we don't know of any Mac model that works well in Tails and can run the latest macOS version.
Your steps

Download Tails

Download the upgrade

Verify your download

Verify your download

Restart on the other Tails

Download balenaEtcher
Install balenaEtcher

Install Tails using balenaEtcher
Install Tails using GNOME Disks
Install Tails using dd

Install intermediary using balenaEtcher

Install intermediary using GNOME Disks

Install intermediary using GNOME Disks

Restart on your Tails USB stick

Restart on intermediary

Restart on intermediary

Install Tails by cloning

Upgrade your Tails by cloning

Restart on your new Tails

Welcome to Tails!

Welcome to your new Tails!
Well done!
You have installed Tails on your USB stick.
In the next step, you will make your computer start on this USB stick.
Tails might not work on your computer, so good luck!
If you already started on the other Tails, go directly to step 3: Verify that the other Tails is up-to-date.
Open these instructions on another device

In the next step, you will shut down the computer. To be able to follow the rest of the instructions afterwards, you can either:
Scan this QR code on your smartphone or tablet:
Print these instructions on paper.
Take note of the URL of this page:
https://tails.net/install/windows?back=1
https://tails.net/install/mac?back=1
https://tails.net/install/linux?back=1
https://tails.net/install/expert?back=1
https://tails.net/install/clone/pc?back=1
https://tails.net/install/clone/mac?back=1
https://tails.net/upgrade/tails?back=1
https://tails.net/upgrade/windows?back=1
https://tails.net/upgrade/mac?back=1
https://tails.net/upgrade/linux?back=1
https://tails.net/upgrade/clone?back=1
Restart on the intermediary Tails
Restart on the other Tails
Restart on your Tails USB stick



Make the computer start on the USB stick
-
Make sure that you have installed Tails using either:
Click on the
button.Press and hold the Shift key while you choose Power ▸ Restart.
In the Choose an option screen, choose Use a device.
If the Choose an option screen or the Use a device option don't appear, refer to the instructions on starting Tails using the Boot Menu key.
In the Use a device screen, choose Boot Menu.
Windows shuts down, the computer restarts, and a Boot Menu appears.
Plug in your Tails USB stick shortly after choosing Boot Menu and while Windows is shutting down.
In the future, we We recommend that you only plug in your Tails USB stick while Windows is shutting down. Otherwise, a virus in Windows could infect your Tails USB stick and break its security.
Such an attack is possible in theory but very unlikely in practice. We don't know of any virus capable of infecting Tails. See our warning on plugging Tails in untrusted systems.
The Boot Menu is a list of possible devices to start from. The following screenshot is an example of a Boot Menu:
In the Boot Menu, select your USB stick and press Enter.
If the computer starts on Tails, the Boot Loader appears and Tails starts automatically after 4 seconds.
The Troubleshooting Mode entry disables some features of the Linux kernel and might work better on some computers. You can try this option if you think you are experiencing hardware compatibility errors while starting Tails.
The External Hard Disk entry makes it possible to start from an external hard disk and some problematic USB sticks.
Most computers do not start on the Tails USB stick automatically but you can press a Boot Menu key to display a list of possible devices to start from.
If Windows 8 or 10 is also installed on the computer, you can refer instead to the instructions on starting Tails from Windows 8 or 10. Starting Tails from Windows is easier than using the Boot Menu key.
The following screenshot is an example of a Boot Menu:
This animation summarizes how to use the Boot Menu key to start on the USB stick:
The following instructions explain in detail how to use the Boot Menu key to start on the USB stick:
-
Make sure that you have installed Tails using either:
-
Shut down the computer while leaving the USB stick plugged in.
Shut down the computer and plug in the Tails USB stick.
Shut down the computer.
Plug in the other Tails USB stick that you want to install upgrade from.
Unplug your Tails USB stick while leaving the intermediary USB stick plugged in.
-
Identify the possible Boot Menu keys for the computer depending on the computer manufacturer in the following list:
Manufacturer Key Acer F12, F9, F2, Esc Apple Option Asus Esc Clevo F7 Dell F12 Fujitsu F12, Esc HP F9 Huawei F12 Intel F10 Lenovo F12, Novo MSI F11 Samsung Esc, F12, F2 Sony F11, Esc, F10 Toshiba F12 others… F12, Esc On many computers, a message is displayed very briefly when switching on that also explains how to get to the Boot Menu or edit the BIOS settings.
-
Switch on the computer.
Immediately press several times the first possible Boot Menu key identified in step 2.
-
If the computer starts on another operating system or returns an error message, shut down the computer again and repeat step 3 for all the possible Boot Menu keys identified in step 2.
If a Boot Menu with a list of devices appears, select your USB stick and press Enter.
If the computer starts on Tails, the Boot Loader appears and Tails starts automatically after 4 seconds.
-
Make sure that you have installed Tails using either:
-
Shut down the computer.
Shut down the computer while leaving the USB stick plugged in.
Plug in the other Tails USB stick that you want to install from.
-
Plug in your Tails USB stick.
-
Switch on the computer.
Immediately press-and-hold the Option key (⌥ or Altkey) when the startup chime is played.
Hold the key pressed until a list of possible startup disks appears.
-
Choose the USB stick and press Enter. The USB stick appears as an external hard disk and might be labeled EFI Boot or Windows like in the following screenshot:
If the USB stick does not appear in the list of startup disks:
- Wait a few minutes. Some USB sticks need some rest after installing.
Make sure that you have installed Tails using either:
Make sure that you have verified your download of Tails.
Make sure that you have verified your download.
Try installing again on the same USB stick.
Try installing on a different USB stick.
Try using the same USB stick to start on a different computer.
If your computer still does not display the Boot Loader, it might currently be impossible to start Tails on your computer.
-
If your Mac displays the following error:
Security settings do not allow this Mac to use an external startup disk.
Then you have to change the settings of the Startup Security Utility of your Mac to authorize starting from Tails.
To open Startup Security Utility:
Turn on your Mac, then press and hold Command(⌘)+R immediately after you see the Apple logo. Your Mac starts up from macOS Recovery.
When you see the macOS Utilities window, choose Utilities ▸ Startup Security Utility from the menu bar.
When you are asked to authenticate, click Enter macOS Password, then choose an administrator account and enter its password.
In the Startup Security Utility:
Choose No Security in the Secure Boot section.
Choose Allow booting from external media in the External Boot.
To still protect your Mac from starting on untrusted external media, you can set a firmware password, available on macOS Mountain Lion or later. A firmware password prevents users who do not have the password from starting up from any media other than the designated startup disk.
If you forget your firmware password you will require an in-person service appointment with an Apple Store or Apple Authorized Service Provider.
Read more on Apple Support about:
If the computer starts on Tails, the Boot Loader appears and Tails starts automatically after 4 seconds.
The Troubleshooting Mode entry disables some features of the Linux kernel and might work better on some computers. You can try this option if you think you are experiencing hardware compatibility errors while starting Tails.
The External Hard Disk entry makes it possible to start from an external hard disk and some problematic USB sticks.
Troubleshooting
-
If no Boot Menu appears, refer to the instructions on starting Tails using the Boot Menu key.
-
If none of the possible Boot Menu keys from the previous technique work, refer to the troubleshooting instructions about Tails not starting at all.
-
If the Boot Menu appears but your USB stick is not listed in the Boot Menu, wait a few minutes and try again. Some USB sticks need some rest after installing.
-
If your USB stick is listed in the Boot Menu but the Boot Loader does not appear:
If your USB stick appears in the list of startup disks but the Boot Loader does not appear:
- Wait a few minutes. Some USB sticks need some rest after installing.
Make sure that you have installed Tails using either:
Make sure that you have verified your download of Tails.
Make sure that you have verified your download.
Try installing again on the same USB stick.
Try installing on a different USB stick.
Try using the same USB stick to start on a different computer.
If your computer still does not display the Boot Loader, it might currently be impossible to start Tails on your computer.
-
If the Boot Loader appears but Tails fails to start after the Boot Loader, refer to the troubleshooting section about Tails not starting after the Boot Loader. the troubleshooting section about Tails not starting after the Boot Loader.
Starting the computer using a Boot Menu key can be faster than starting the computer on Windows first and then on Tails. We recommend you learn how to start Tails using the Boot Menu key if you use Tails regularly.
Apple does not prioritize collaborating with Free Software projects. Their newest hardware is usually very hard for Free Software developers to get working with Linux, and thus Tails. PC hardware tends to be more open and work better with Linux.
Welcome to Tails!

Starting Tails
After the Boot Menu, a loading screen appears.
One to two minutes after the Boot Loader and the loading screen, the Welcome Screen appears.
In the Welcome Screen, select your language and keyboard layout in the Language & Region section. Click Start Tails.
If your keyboard or touchpad doesn't work, try using a USB keyboard or mouse.
After 15–30 seconds, the Tails desktop appears.
Verify that the other Tails is up-to-date
To prevent installing upgrading to an outdated version of Tails with known security issues, make sure that the Tails you are installing upgrading from is up-to-date:
Choose
.Verify that you are running Tails 5.20 released on 2023-11-28:
a. If you are running 5.20 then you can continue with the next step.
b. If you are not running 5.20 then connect to the Internet and to Tor. After a minute or two, Tails Upgrader appears with instructions on how to upgrade. Apply all upgrades as requested.
Install Tails by cloning
Upgrade your Tails by cloning

In this step, you will upgrade your Tails from the other intermediary Tails using Tails Cloner.
Plug the new your Tails USB stick into the computer.
All the data on this USB stick will be lost.
Choose Tails Cloner.
to startChoose the new your USB stick in the Target USB stick menu.
To start the installation, click on the Install button. upgrade, click on the Upgrade button.
The Persistent Storage of your Tails USB stick will be preserved.
The Persistent Storage of the other Tails will not be copied.
Read the warning message in the confirmation dialog.
Click Delete All Data and Install to confirm.
The installation upgrade takes a few minutes.
The progress bar usually freezes for some time while synchronizing data on disk.
After the installation finishes, close Tails Cloner.
You are done upgrading Tails. You can now shutdown and restart on your Tails USB stick.
Thank you for staying safe!
Restart on your new Tails

Shut down the computer.
Unplug the other USB stick and leave the new USB stick plugged in.
Switch on the computer and start on your new Tails USB stick.
The Boot Loader appears and Tails starts automatically after 4 seconds.
After 30–60 seconds, the Welcome Screen appears.
In the Welcome Screen, select your language and keyboard layout in the Language & Region section. Click Start Tails.
After 15–30 seconds, the Tails desktop appears.
Welcome to your new Tails!

Test your Wi-Fi
Problems with Wi-Fi are unfortunately quite common in Tails and Linux in general. To test if your Wi-Fi interface works in Tails:
Open the system menu in the top-right corner:
Choose Wi-Fi Not Connected and then Select Network.
After establishing a connection to a local network, the Tor Connection assistant appears to help you connect to the Tor network.
If your Wi-Fi interface is not working, for example:
There is no Wi-Fi option in the system menu:
You receive the notification Connection failed: Activation of network connection failed.
The interface is disabled when starting Tails or when plugging in your USB Wi-Fi adapter:
In this case, you can disable MAC address anonymization to get your Wi-Fi interface to work in Tails. Disabling MAC address anonymization has security implications, so read carefully our documentation about MAC address anonymization before doing so.
To connect to the Internet, you can try to:
Use an Ethernet cable instead of Wi-Fi if possible. Wired interfaces work much more reliably than Wi-Fi in Tails.
Share the Wi-Fi or mobile data connection of your phone using a USB cable. Sharing a connection this way is called USB tethering.
See instructions for:
-
Only sharing mobile data works on iPhones and iPads; sharing Wi-Fi does not work.
Tails cannot hide the information that identifies your phone on the local network. If you connect your phone to:
A Wi-Fi network, then the network will know the MAC address of your phone. This has security implications that are discussed in our documentation on MAC address anonymization. Some phones have a feature to hide the real MAC address of the phone.
A mobile data network, then the network will be able to know the identifier of your SIM card (IMSI) and also the serial number of your phone (IMEI).
-
Buy a USB Wi-Fi adapter that works in Tails:
Vendor Model Size Speed Price Buy offline Buy online Panda Wireless Ultra Nano 150 Mbit/s $18 No Amazon Panda Wireless PAU05 Small 300 Mbit/s $65 No Amazon ThinkPenguin TPE-N150USB Nano 150 Mbit/s $74 No ThinkPenguin If you find another USB Wi-Fi adapter that works in Tails, please let us know. You can write to tails-support-private@boum.org (private email).
You made it!
You managed to start your new Tails on your computer!
Congratulations on staying safe :)
To continue discovering Tails, read our documentation.