- install
- Install Tails from Debian or Ubuntu using the command line and GnuPG
Что вам понадобится:
![](../inc/icons/usb.png)
1 флешка
Only for Tails!
8 GB minimum
![](../inc/icons/usb.png)
Ваш Tails
![](../inc/icons/intermediary.png)
1 флешка
All data will be lost!
8 GB minimum
![](../inc/icons/windows.png)
Windows 7
or later
![](../inc/icons/apple.png)
macOS 10.10
Yosemite
or later
![](../inc/icons/linux.png)
Linux
any distribution
![](../inc/icons/debian.png)
Debian
Ubuntu
or another derivative
![](../inc/icons/intermediary.png)
Another Tails
USB stick or DVD
![](../inc/icons/laptop.png)
Intel processor
not Apple M1 or M2
![](../inc/icons/phone.png)
Smartphone
or printer
to follow the instructions
![](../inc/icons/clock.png)
1 hour in total
½ hour
¼ hour
1.5 GB to download
½ hour to install
½ hour to upgrade
Detailed system requirements and recommended hardware.
Summary
Tails works on:
- Most PC computers that are less than 10 years old
- Some older Mac computers with an Intel processor
Tails does not work:
- Newer Mac computers with an Apple processor (M1 or M2)
- Smartphones or tablets
- Raspberry Pi
Tails might not work on:
Some older computers, for example, if they don't have 2 GB of RAM.
Some newer computers, for example, if their graphics card is incompatible with Linux. Nvidia or AMD Radeon cards often do not work in Tails.
See our list of known hardware compatibility issues.
Detailed hardware requirements
A USB stick of 8 GB minimum or a recordable DVD.
All the data on this USB stick or DVD is lost when installing Tails.
The ability to start from a USB stick or a DVD reader.
A 64-bit x86-64 IBM PC compatible processor.
2 GB of RAM to work smoothly.
Tails can work with less than 2 GB RAM but might behave strangely or crash.
Recommended hardware
Laptop models evolve too rapidly for us to be able to provide an up-to-date list of recommended hardware. Below are some guidelines if you, or your organization, are considering acquiring a laptop dedicated to running Tails.
For PC
Avoid "gaming" models with Nvidia or AMD Radeon graphics cards.
Consider buying a refurbished laptop from a high-end (professional) series. These are cheaper and will last longer than new but lower-quality laptops.
For example, the Lenovo ThinkPad series work well with Tails, including the X250, X1 Carbon, T440, T480, and T490 models.
If you live in a part of the world where buying refurbished laptops is uncommon, look on eBay and Amazon. Amazon offers a 90-day Amazon Renewed Guarantee.
Consider buying a new laptop from vendors who guarantee the compatibility with Linux and Tails like ThinkPenguin.
For Mac
Unfortunately, we don't know of any Mac model that works well in Tails and can run the latest macOS version.
Ваши шаги
![](../inc/infography/download.png)
Download Tails
![](../inc/infography/download-with-intermediary.png)
Download Tails
![](../inc/infography/download-from-tails.png)
Download the upgrade
![](../inc/infography/verify.png)
Verify your download
![](../inc/infography/verify-with-intermediary.png)
Verify your download
![](../inc/infography/verify-from-tails.png)
Verify your download
![](../inc/infography/restart-on-other-tails.png)
Restart on the other Tails
![](../inc/infography/install-etcher.png)
Download balenaEtcher
Install balenaEtcher
![](../inc/infography/install-etcher-with-intermediary.png)
Download balenaEtcher
Install balenaEtcher
![](../inc/infography/install-tails.png)
Install Tails using balenaEtcher
Install Tails using GNOME Disks
Install Tails using dd
![](../inc/infography/install-upgrade-usb-only.png)
Install intermediary using balenaEtcher
![](../inc/infography/install-upgrade-usb-only.png)
Install intermediary using GNOME Disks
![](../inc/infography/install-upgrade-usb.png)
Install intermediary using GNOME Disks
![](../inc/infography/restart.png)
Restart on your Tails USB stick
![](../inc/infography/restart-on-other-tails.png)
Restart on intermediary
![](../inc/infography/restart-on-upgrade-usb.png)
Restart on intermediary
![](../inc/infography/clone-tails.png)
Install Tails by cloning
![](../inc/infography/clone-tails.png)
Upgrade your Tails by cloning
![](../inc/infography/restart-on-new-tails.png)
Restart on your new Tails
![](../inc/infography/tails.png)
Welcome to Tails!
Warnings: Tails is safe but not magic!
Tails безопаснее любой популярной операционной системы. Но никакая программа или операционная система — даже Tails! — не может защитить вас абсолютно от всего.
На этой странице мы советуем, как обеспечить безопасность, особенно если вы в «группе риска».
Защита личности при работе с Tails
![](../../doc/about/warnings/identity.png)
Задача Tails — скрывать вашу личность.
Но некоторые занятия могут способствовать раскрытию личности:
- распространение файлов с включёнными метаданными (например, датами и временем съёмки, координатами места съёмки, данными об использованном устройстве);
- использование Tails для решения двух и более разных задач одновременно.
Ограничения сети Tor
![](../../doc/about/warnings/tor.png)
Tails использует сеть Tor, потому что это самая надёжная и популярная сеть для защиты от слежки и цензуры.
Но у сети Tor есть свои ограничения:
- трудно скрыть, что вы используете Tor и Tails;
- непросто обеспечить защиту от мотивированных злоумышленников с большими возможностями.
Как снизить риски на сомнительных компьютерах
![](../../doc/about/warnings/computer.png)
Tails вполне может работать на компьютере, заражённом вирусом.
Но Tails не может гарантировать защиту, если:
- загрузочная флешка Tails создана на заражённом компьютере;
- Tails запускается на компьютере с сомнительными BIOS, прошивкой или аппаратными составляющими.
Каждый человек подгоняет общие советы по безопасности под свои нужды и угрозы. Вот пара сборников рекомендаций:
Verify the Tails signing key
If you already certified the Tails signing key with your own key, you can skip this step and start downloading and verifying the USB image.
In this step, you will download and verify the Tails signing key which is the OpenPGP key that is used to cryptographically sign the Tails USB image.
To follow these instructions you need to have your own OpenPGP key.
To learn how to create yourself an OpenPGP key, see Managing OpenPGP Keys by Riseup.
This verification technique uses the OpenPGP Web of Trust and the certification made by official Debian developers on the Tails signing key.
Import the Tails signing key in your GnuPG keyring:
wget https://tails.net/tails-signing.key
gpg --import < tails-signing.key
Install the Debian keyring. It contains the OpenPGP keys of all Debian developers:
sudo apt update && sudo apt install debian-keyring
Import the OpenPGP key of Chris Lamb, a former Debian Project Leader, from the Debian keyring into your keyring:
gpg --keyring=/usr/share/keyrings/debian-keyring.gpg --export chris@chris-lamb.co.uk | gpg --import
Verify the certifications made on the Tails signing key:
gpg --keyid-format 0xlong --check-sigs A490D0F4D311A4153E2BB7CADBB802B258ACD84F
In the output of this command, look for the following line:
sig!2 0x1E953E27D4311E58 2020-03-19 Chris Lamb <chris@chris-lamb.co.uk>
Here,
sig!2
means that Chris Lamb verified and certified the Tails signing key with his key and a level 2 check.It is also possible to verify the certifications made by other people. Their name and email address appear in the list of certification if you have their key in your keyring.
If the verification of the certification failed, then you might have downloaded a malicious version of the Tails signing key or our instructions might be outdated. Please get in touch with us.
The line
175 signatures not checked due to missing keys
or similar refers to the certifications (also called signatures) made by other public keys that are not in your keyring. This is not a problem.Certify the Tails signing key with your own key:
gpg --lsign-key A490D0F4D311A4153E2BB7CADBB802B258ACD84F
Download Tails
![](../inc/infography/download.png)
Download the USB image:
wget --continue https://download.tails.net/tails/stable/tails-amd64-6.6/tails-amd64-6.6.img
Verify your download
![](../inc/infography/verify.png)
In this step, you will verify your download using the Tails signing key.
Download the signature of the USB image:
wget https://tails.net/torrents/files/tails-amd64-6.6.img.sig
Verify that the USB image is signed by the Tails signing key:
TZ=UTC gpg --no-options --keyid-format long --verify tails-amd64-6.6.img.sig tails-amd64-6.6.img
The output of this command should be the following:
gpg: Signature made Mon 12 Aug 2024 09:55:41 AM UTC
gpg: using EDDSA key 4FDE1D065B10343FBD642A14BC8BD3DAC9CD2979
gpg: Good signature from "Tails developers (offline long-term identity key) <tails@boum.org>" [full]
gpg: aka "Tails developers <tails@boum.org>" [full]
Verify in this output that:
The date of the signature is the same.
The signature is marked as
Good signature
since you certified the Tails signing key with your own key.
Install Tails using dd
![](../inc/infography/install-tails.png)
Make sure that the USB stick on which you want to install Tails is unplugged.
Execute the following command:
ls -1 /dev/sd?
It returns a list of the storage devices on the system. For example:
dev/sda
Plug in the USB stick on which you want to install Tails.
All the data on this USB stick will be lost.
Execute again the same command:
ls -1 /dev/sd?
Your USB stick appears as a new device in the list.
/dev/sda /dev/sdb
Take note of the device name of your USB stick.
In this example, the device name of the USB stick is
/dev/sdb
. Yours might be different.Если вы не уверены насчёт имени устройства, лучше прервать процесс. Иначе вы рискуете перезаписать какой-нибудь из жёстких дисков в системе.
Чтобы записать скачанный ранее образ на флешку, выполните следующие команды:
Замените:
tails.img with the path to the USB image
device with the device name found in step 5
dd if=tails.img of=device bs=16M oflag=direct status=progress
Вы увидите что-то подобное:
dd if=/home/user/tails-amd64-3.12.img of=/dev/sdb bs=16M oflag=direct status=progress
If no error message is returned, Tails is being copied on the USB stick. The copy takes some time, generally a few minutes.
If you get a
Permission denied
error, try addingsudo
at the beginning of the command:sudo dd if=tails.img of=device bs=16M oflag=direct status=progress
The installation is complete after the command prompt reappears.
Well done!
You have installed Tails on your USB stick.
In the next step, you will make your computer start on this USB stick.
Tails might not work on your computer, so good luck!
If you already started on the other Tails, go directly to step 3: Verify that the other Tails is up-to-date.
Open these instructions on another device
![](../inc/infography/switch-context.png)
In the next step, you will shut down the computer. To be able to follow the rest of the instructions afterwards, you can either:
Scan this QR code on your smartphone or tablet:
Print these instructions on paper.
Take note of the URL of this page:
https://tails.net/install/windows?back=1
https://tails.net/install/mac?back=1
https://tails.net/install/linux?back=1
https://tails.net/install/expert?back=1
https://tails.net/install/clone/pc?back=1
https://tails.net/install/clone/mac?back=1
https://tails.net/upgrade/tails?back=1
https://tails.net/upgrade/windows?back=1
https://tails.net/upgrade/mac?back=1
https://tails.net/upgrade/linux?back=1
https://tails.net/upgrade/clone?back=1
Restart on the intermediary Tails
Restart on the other Tails
Restart on your Tails USB stick
![](../inc/infography/restart-on-tails.png)
![](../inc/infography/restart-on-other-tails.png)
![](../inc/infography/restart-on-upgrade-usb.png)
Загрузите компьютер с флешки
-
Make sure that you have installed Tails using either:
Click on the
button.Press and hold the Shift key while you choose Power ▸ Restart.
На экране Выбор действия выберите Использовать устройство.
If the Choose an option screen or the Use a device option don't appear, refer to the instructions on starting Tails using the Boot Menu key.
На экране Использовать устройство выберите Boot Menu (меню загрузки).
Windows завершит работу, компьютер перезагрузится, появится загрузочное меню.
Подключите вашу флешку Tails сразу после выбора загрузочного меню (пока Windows завершает свою работу).
If your Windows has no Boot Menu option available, make sure that your intermediary Tails USB stick is plugged in and choose your USB stick directly in the list of devices.
В дальнейшем мы Мы рекомендуем подключать флешку Tails только во время завершения работы Windows. Иначе какой-нибудь вирус в Windows может заразить флешку и поставить её безопасность под сомнение.
Such an attack is possible in theory but very unlikely in practice. We don't know of any virus capable of infecting Tails. See our warning on plugging Tails in untrusted systems.
Загрузочное меню содержит список устройств, с которых можно загрузить ваш компьютер. На следующем скриншоте показан пример загрузочного меню.
В загрузочном меню выберите вашу флешку и нажмите Enter.
Если компьютер загружается с Tails, появится загрузчик, и Tails запустится автоматически через 4 секунды.
The Troubleshooting Mode entry disables some features of the Linux kernel and might work better on some computers. You can try this option if you think you are experiencing hardware compatibility errors while starting Tails.
The External Hard Disk entry makes it possible to start from an external hard disk and some problematic USB sticks.
Most computers do not start automatically on the Tails USB stick, but you can press a Boot Menu key to display a list of possible devices to start from.
Если на компьютере также установлена система Windows 8 или 10, можете обратиться к нашим инструкциям о запуске Tails из Windows 8 или 10. Запуск из Windows проще, чем с выбором загрузчика.
Пример загрузочного меню:
На этом видео примерно показано, как использовать клавишу для вызова меню загрузчика и загрузки с флешки:
Здесь мы перечислим шаги, которые расскажут, как использовать клавишу загрузочного меню и стартовать с флешки:
-
Make sure that you have installed Tails using either:
-
Выключите компьютер, но оставьте флешку подключённой.
Выключите компьютер и подключите флешку Tails.
Выключите компьютер.
Plug in the other Tails USB stick that you want to install upgrade from.
Вытащите флешку Tails, но оставьте промежуточную флешку подключённой.
-
Определите, какую клавишу нажимать, чтобы вызвать меню загрузчика. Это зависит от производителя компьютера. Примеры:
Производитель Клавиша Acer F12, F9, F2, Esc Apple Option Asus Esc Clevo F7 Dell F12 Fujitsu F12, Esc HP F9 Huawei F12 Intel F10 Lenovo F12, Novo MSI F11 Samsung Esc, F12, F2 Sony F11, Esc, F10 Toshiba F12 Others… F12, Esc На многих компьютерах на короткое время появляется сообщение, как попасть в меню загрузчика или изменить настройки BIOS.
-
Switch on the computer.
Immediately press several times the first possible Boot Menu key identified in step 2.
-
Если на компьютере начнёт загружаться другая операционная система или появится сообщение об ошибке, выключите компьютер снова и повторите шаг 3 с другими возможными клавишами (см. шаг 2).
Если появится загрузочное меню со списком устройств, выберите вашу флешку и нажмите Enter.
Если компьютер загружается с Tails, появится загрузчик, и Tails запустится автоматически через 4 секунды.
-
Make sure that you have installed Tails using either:
-
Shut down the computer.
Выключите компьютер, но оставьте флешку подключённой.
Подключите другую флешку Tails, с которой вы хотите выполнить установку.
-
Plug in your Tails USB stick.
-
Switch on the computer.
Immediately press-and-hold the Option key (⌥ or Alt key) when the startup sound is played.
Hold the key pressed until a list of possible startup disks appears.
-
Выберите флешку и нажмите Enter. Флешка выглядит в списке как внешний жёсткий диск и может называться EFI Boot или Windows, как на этом скриншоте:
Если флешки нет в списке загрузочных дисков:
Wait 2–3 minutes and try again. Some USB sticks need some rest after installing.
Try all other USB ports on the computer. Some USB ports cannot be used to start from.
Make sure that you have installed Tails using either:
Make sure that you have verified your download of Tails.
Make sure that you have verified your download.
-
Try to install again on the same USB stick.
Try to install again on the same USB stick.
Try to install again on the same USB stick.
Try to install again on the same USB stick.
Try to install again on the same USB stick.
Try to install again on the same USB stick.
Try to install again on the same USB stick.
Try to install again on the same USB stick.
Try to install again on the same USB stick.
Try to install again on the same USB stick.
Try to install again on the same USB stick.
Try to install again on the same USB stick.
Try to install on a different USB stick.
Try to use the same USB stick to start on a different computer.
Если на компьютере по-прежнему не виден список вариантов загрузки, возможно, на этом компьютере в принципе нельзя запустить Tails.
-
Ваш компьютер может показать следующую ошибку:
Security settings do not allow this Mac to use an external startup disk.
Вам следует изменить настройки безопасности с помощью Startup Security Utility, чтобы можно было загрузить Tails.
Запускаем Startup Security Utility.
Turn on your Mac, then press and hold Command(⌘)+R immediately after you see the Apple logo. Your Mac starts up from macOS Recovery.
When you see the macOS Utilities window, choose Utilities ▸ Startup Security Utility from the menu bar.
Если видите требование об аутентификации, нажмите Ввести пароль для macOS, выберите учётную запись администратора и введите пароль к ней.
В Утилите безопасной загрузки:
в разделе Безопасная загрузка выберите Функции безопасности отключены;
в разделе Загрузка с внешнего носителя выберите Разрешить загрузку с внешних носителей.
Чтобы по-прежнему защитить ваш Mac от загрузки с сомнительных внешних носителей, можно установить пароль прошивки. Эта функция доступна в macOS версии Mountain Lion или более свежей. Тот, у кого нет пароля прошивки, сможет запустить систему только с жёсткого диска по умолчанию.
Если забудете пароль прошивки, вам придётся лично обращаться за помощью в магазин Apple Store или к авторизованному провайдеру услуг Apple.
Техподдержка Apple предлагает дополнительную информацию.
Если компьютер загружается с Tails, появится загрузчик, и Tails запустится автоматически через 4 секунды.
The Troubleshooting Mode entry disables some features of the Linux kernel and might work better on some computers. You can try this option if you think you are experiencing hardware compatibility errors while starting Tails.
The External Hard Disk entry makes it possible to start from an external hard disk and some problematic USB sticks.
Troubleshoot Tails not starting
-
If no Boot Menu appears, refer to the instructions on starting Tails using the Boot Menu key.
-
If none of the possible Boot Menu keys from the previous technique work, refer to the troubleshooting instructions about Tails not starting at all.
-
If the Boot Menu appears but your USB stick is not listed in the Boot Menu:
Wait 2–3 minutes and try again. Some USB sticks need some rest after installing.
Try all other USB ports on the computer. Some USB ports cannot be used to start from.
-
If your USB stick is listed in the Boot Menu but the Boot Loader does not appear:
If your USB stick appears in the list of startup disks but the Boot Loader does not appear:
Wait 2–3 minutes and try again. Some USB sticks need some rest after installing.
Try all other USB ports on the computer. Some USB ports cannot be used to start from.
Make sure that you have installed Tails using either:
Make sure that you have verified your download of Tails.
Make sure that you have verified your download.
-
Try to install again on the same USB stick.
Try to install again on the same USB stick.
Try to install again on the same USB stick.
Try to install again on the same USB stick.
Try to install again on the same USB stick.
Try to install again on the same USB stick.
Try to install again on the same USB stick.
Try to install again on the same USB stick.
Try to install again on the same USB stick.
Try to install again on the same USB stick.
Try to install again on the same USB stick.
Try to install again on the same USB stick.
Try to install on a different USB stick.
Try to use the same USB stick to start on a different computer.
Если ваш компьютер не показывает загрузчик, в настоящее время может быть невозможно запустить Tails с этого компьютера.
-
If the Boot Loader appears but Tails fails to start after the Boot Loader, refer to the troubleshooting section about Tails not starting after the Boot Loader. the troubleshooting section about Tails not starting after the Boot Loader.
Загрузка компьютера из загрузочного меню может быть быстрее, чем загрузка сначала Windows, а затем Tails. Если вы пользуетесь Tails регулярно, советуем научиться тому, как запускать Tails из меню загрузчика.
Apple does not prioritize collaborating with Free Software projects. Their newest hardware is usually very hard for Free Software developers to get working with Linux, and thus Tails. PC hardware tends to be more open and work better with Linux.
Welcome to Tails!
![](../inc/infography/tails.png)
Starting the intermediary Tails
After the Boot Menu, a loading screen appears.
One to two minutes after the Boot Loader and the loading screen, the Welcome Screen appears.
In the Welcome Screen, select your language and keyboard layout in the Language and Formats section. Click Start Tails.
If your keyboard or touchpad doesn't work, try using a USB keyboard or mouse.
Через 15–30 секунд появится рабочий стол Tails.
Welcome to your new Tails!
![](../inc/infography/tails.png)
You made it!
You managed to start your new Tails on your computer!
Congratulations on staying safe :)
To continue discovering Tails, read our documentation.
Test your Wi-Fi
К сожалению, проблемы с wi-fi типичны для Tails и в целом для Linux. Ниже показано, как проверить работоспособность интерфейса wi-fi в Tails.
Откройте системное меню в правом верхнем углу.
Выберите Wi-Fi сеть не подключена, а затем Выбрать сеть.
After establishing a connection to a local network, the Tor Connection assistant appears to help you connect to the Tor network.
If your Wi-Fi interface is not working, you might experience the following:
There is no Wi-Fi menu in the system menu:
The interface is disabled because MAC address anonymization failed:
In this case, you can disable MAC address anonymization in the Welcome Screen. Doing so has security implications, so read carefully our documentation about MAC address anonymization.
The following notification appears:
Activation of network connection failed
Чтобы подключиться к Интернету, можно:
Использовать Ethernet-кабель вместо wifi (если возможно). Проводные интерфейсы куда более надежны в Tails, чем wifi.
Раздать соединение wifi со своего телефона. Можно также раздать по USB-кабелю: такое подключение иногда называют USB tethering.
См. инструкции для:
-
Only sharing mobile data works on iPhones and iPads; sharing Wi-Fi does not work.
Tails cannot hide the information that identifies your phone on the local network. If you connect your phone to a:
Wi-Fi network: the network can see the MAC address of your phone.
This has security implications that we explain in our documentation on MAC address anonymization. Some phones have a feature to hide the MAC address of the phone.
Mobile data network: the network is able to know the identifier of your SIM card (IMSI) and the serial number of your phone (IMEI).
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Купите USB-адаптер для wifi, который работает в Tails:
Vendor Model Size Speed Price Buy offline Buy online Panda Wireless Ultra Nano 150 Mbit/s $18 No Amazon Panda Wireless PAU05 Small 300 Mbit/s $65 No Amazon ThinkPenguin TPE-N150USB Nano 150 Mbit/s $74 No ThinkPenguin If you find another USB Wi-Fi adapter that works in Tails, please let us know. You can write to tails-support-private@boum.org (private email).
Check in our list of known Wi-Fi issues if there is a workaround to get your Wi-Fi interface to work in Tails.