¿Qué es una dirección MAC?
Every network interface — wired or Wi-Fi — has a MAC address, which is a serial number assigned to each interface at the factory by the vendor. MAC addresses are used on the local network to identify the communications of each network interface.
Si bien tu dirección IP identifica dónde te encuentras en Internet, tu dirección MAC identifica qué dispositivo estás utilizando en la red local. Las direcciones MAC sólo son útiles en la red local y no se envían a través de Internet.
Tener un identificador único en la red local puede perjudicar tu privacidad. He aquí dos ejemplos:
Si utilizas tu computadora portátil para conectarte a varias redes Wi-Fi, la misma dirección MAC de la interfaz Wi-Fi se utiliza en todas esas redes locales. Alguien que observe esas redes puede reconocer tu dirección MAC y rastrear tu localización geográfica.
Unless you choose to hide that you are connecting to the Tor network, someone who monitors your Internet connection can know that. In this case, your MAC address can reveal that you are a Tor user.
¿Qué es la anonimización de direcciones MAC?
When MAC address anonymization is enabled, Tails temporarily changes the MAC addresses of your network interfaces to random values for the time of your Tails session. MAC address anonymization hides the serial number of your network interface, and so, to some extent, who you are, from the local network.
La anonimización de direcciones MAC está activada por defecto en Tails porque suele ser beneficiosa. Pero en algunas situaciones también puede provocar problemas de conectividad o hacer que tu actividad en la red parezca sospechosa. Esta documentación explica cuándo debes usar la anonimización de direcciones MAC y cuándo no, dependiendo de tu situación.
To learn how Tails implements MAC address anonymization, see our design documentation about MAC address anonymization.
Cuándo mantener activada la anonimización de direcciones MAC
MAC address anonymization is enabled by default for all network interfaces. This is usually beneficial, even if you don't want to hide your geographical location.
Aquí hay un par de ejemplos:
Usando tu propia computadora en una red pública sin autenticación, por ejemplo un servicio de Wi-Fi gratuito en un restaurante donde no te tienes que registrar con tu identidad. En este caso, la anonimización de la dirección MAC oculta el hecho de que tu computadora está conectada a esta red.
Using your own computer on a network that you use frequently, for example at a friend's place, at work, at university, etc. You already have a strong relationship with this place but MAC address anonymization hides the fact that your computer is connected to this network at a particular time. It also hides the fact that you are connecting to the Tor network on this network.
When to disable MAC address anonymization
In some situations MAC address anonymization is not useful but can instead be problematic. In such cases, you might want to disable MAC address anonymization as instructed below.
Note that even if MAC address anonymization is disabled, your anonymity on the Internet is preserved:
Un adversario en la red local sólo puede ver conexiones cifradas a la red Tor.
Tu dirección MAC no se envía a través de Internet a los sitios web que estás visitando.
However, as discussed above, disabling MAC address anonymization makes it possible for someone to track your geographical location. If this is problematic, consider using a different network interface, like a USB Wi-Fi adapter, or moving to another network.
Aquí hay un par de ejemplos:
Using a public computer, for example in an Internet café or a library. This computer is regularly used on this local network, and its MAC address is not associated with your identity. In this case, MAC address anonymization can make it impossible to connect. It can even look suspicious to the network administrators to see an unknown MAC address being used on that network.
On some network interfaces, MAC address anonymization is impossible due to limitations in the hardware or in Linux. Tails temporarily disables such network interfaces. You might disable MAC address anonymization to be able to use them.
Some networks only allow connections from a list of authorized MAC addresses. In this case, MAC address anonymization makes it impossible to connect to such networks. If you were granted access to such network in the past, then MAC address anonymization might prevent you from connecting.
Using your own computer at home. Your identity and the MAC address of your computer are already associated to this local network, so MAC address anonymization is probably useless. But if access to your local network is restricted based on MAC addresses it might be impossible to connect with an anonymized MAC address.
Disable MAC address anonymization
You can disable MAC address anonymization from the Welcome Screen:
Cuando aparezca la Pantalla de Bienvenida, haz click en el botón
.
Choose MAC Address Anonymization in the Additional Settings dialog.
Select the Don't anonymize MAC addresses option.
Otras consideraciones
Otros medios de vigilancia pueden revelar tu ubicación geográfica: video vigilancia, actividad de telefonía móvil, transacciones con tarjetas de crédito, interacciones sociales, etc.
Al usar Wi-Fi, cualquier persona dentro del área de alcance de tu interfaz Wi-Fi puede ver tu dirección MAC, incluso sin estar conectado al mismo punto de acceso Wi-Fi.
Cuando se utiliza la conexión del teléfono móvil, como 3G o GSM, el identificador de tu tarjeta SIM (IMSI) y el número de serie de tu teléfono (IMEI) son revelados siempre al operador de telefonía móvil.
Some captive portals might send your MAC address over the Internet to their authentication servers. This should not affect your decision regarding MAC address anonymization. If you decide to disable MAC address anonymization your computer can already be identified by your ISP.